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Introduction Why a book on ocean acidification? What is ocean acidification? Machines, fossil fuels and people Greenhouse effect and CO2 Some like it hot! The fate of anthropogenic CO2 How long have we been talking about ocean acidification? Just acidity! How is pH measured? How are other carbonate chemistry parameters measured? pH monitoring and the emergence of the term ocean acidification Scientific awareness Public awareness How is ocean acidity evolving? How far has pH fallen since the Industrial Revolution? What pH values are expected by 2100? Has the ocean ever been acidified? Does the current period have an equivalent in the geological past? Is ocean acidification a homogeneous phenomenon on the scale of the global ocean? How do pH and carbonate parameters vary in the ocean? How does pH vary over time? How has pH evolved in different regions of the ocean? How will pH evolve in different regions of the ocean? What are the biological impacts of acidification? Physiological impacts of CO2 enrichment Animal tolerance to CO2 enrichment Impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms Larval stages, more sensitive than juveniles and adults Impacts on behaviour Contrasting responses by species Photosynthetic organisms, not necessarily winners in a CO2-enriched environment How do organisms compensate for the effects of acidification, and at what cost? Can marine organisms «adapt» to acidification? What is adaptation? Acclimatisation versus adaptation Adaptation is possible, it's a matter of time! How can we study the plasticity and adaptation of marine organisms to ocean acidification? Can we «promote» evolutionary adaptation? How does ocean acidification affect us? Notions of ecosystem services Exploiting marine resources Will we still have oysters in 2100? How does acidification interact with other factors in climate change? Everything's on the move! The ocean overheats Temperature governs species distribution Courage, let's run! Marine heatwaves I breathe, therefore I am! How are global warming and ocean deoxygenation linked? Some effects of oxygen depletion Acidification, warming and deoxygenation: a deadly trio? How to take action? Mitigation versus adaptation Reducing our greenhouse gas emissions Greening the ocean Boosting ocean alkalinity The limits of knowledge What's next? Reinforcing observation Expanding the scale of experiments Assessing and implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies: the job of the century Protection, conservation and restoration: nature-based, no-regret solutions Acknowledgments Acronyms and abbreviations References

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