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Acknowledgments Foreword Introduction Éric Penot, Joseph Adelegan, Lekshmi Nair, Hugo Lehoux, Adrien Perroches, Lucie Poline, Jerôme Sainte-Beuve Rubber in the world The concept of agroforestry and agroforestry systems Chapter 1. Definition and history of RAS Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Pascal Montoro, Wilfried Shueller Rubber in Southeast Asia from 1900 to 2023 The development of clonal rubber-based agroforestry plantations: a new challenge Chapter 2. Rationale for RAS and impact of agroforestry systems Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Gede Wibawa, Karine Trouillard, Elok Mulyoutami, Ilahang, Diah Wulandari, Laxman Joshi, Stephanie Diaz Novellon, Isabelle Michel, Aude Simien, Laetitia Stroesser, Vichot Jongrungrot, Somiot Thungwa, Didier Snoeck, Uraiwan Tongkaemkaew, Marion Theriez, Phillipe Courbet The need for improved rubber agroforestry systems (RAS) Main results of RAS Farmers in West Kalimantan and RAS Diversification of perennial crops to offset market uncertainties in West Kalimantan RAS case studies in southern Thailand Rubber versus other alternatives: what role for RAS? Changes in RAS patterns in West Kalimantan from 1994 to 2019 Chapter 3. RAS in the rubber world: current agroforestry practices in various countries Éric Penot, Noé Biatry Origin and development of RAS The key impact of shade The situation in South and South East Asia The situation in Africa The situation in South and Central America Double-spacing systems: an alternative system for full-sun species associated with rubber Timber species Conclusion Chapter 4. Expectations of RAS, impacts and contribution to current's main challenges in 2024 Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Alexis Thoumazeau, Phillipe Thaler Agroforest cropping systems provide miscellaneous goods and services Impact on soils Adaptation to climate change Environmental concerns and externalities Interest of certification Rubber and oil palm. Conclusion Conclusion and perspectives for the future Éric Penot, Bénédicte Chambon, Stéphane Boulakia Markets trigger agroforestry: the importance of understanding how income is generated in agroforestry Rubber production and sustainability A new political environment that accounts for environmental concerns Some innovative systems for the future The final word Bibliography Various sources of information List of abbreviations Appendices List of authors

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