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PART 1. A FEW DEFINITIONS 1. Pest, crop protection and natural regulation - Pest: from injuries to economic losses - Natural regulation in crop protection strategies 2. Plant diversification in agricultural areas - Increasing crop intraspecific diversity: varietal mixtures, use of heterogeneous varieties (farmer, traditional), etc. - Increasing the interspecific diversity of the cultivated cover: mixed cropping, service plants, agroforestry, etc. - Increasing the temporal diversity of cultivated plants: diversified rotations - Diversity of semi-natural vegetation in the landscape: hedgerows, permanent grasslands, groves, etc. - Managing the level of diversity in the landscape PART 2. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE COLLECTIVE SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT 3. Agroecological impacts of plant diversification - Diversifying the vegetation on agricultural fields and landscapes is a crop protection lever - Plant diversification is good for the associated biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided to farmers and society - Diversified systems often provide higher yields than poorly diversified systems 4. Implementing plant diversification to protect crops - Introduction - Plant diversification has contrasting effects on short-term farm profitability - To encourage plant diversification, several obstacles must be removed both within agricultural supply chains and at the territorial level - Public policies are a key factor in the deployment of plant diversification PART 3. OUTLOOK AND RESEARCH NEEDS 5. Perspectives: plant diversification and environmental challenges - What role can plant diversification play in the transition to pesticide-free agriculture? - Plant diversification of agricultural systems to meet the challenges of climate change - To what extent should we diversify? Some recommendations from the scientific literature 6. Further research and studies needed - Gaining a better understanding of the natural regulation mechanisms of pests - Gaining a better understanding of socio-economic organisations - Building on long-term research and using digital tools... - ... to design public policies that foster diversification Conclusion Annex. The turning point in the Common Agricultural Policy that paved the way for plant diversification - Greening the 2014 reform: An admission of failure? - The promises of the post-2020 CAP reform Selected references Composition of the working group Image and photo credits

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